{"id":10260,"date":"2022-04-22T13:36:37","date_gmt":"2022-04-22T13:36:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nftandcrypto-news.com\/crypto\/quantum-computing-to-run-economic-models-on-crypto-adoption\/"},"modified":"2022-04-22T13:36:39","modified_gmt":"2022-04-22T13:36:39","slug":"quantum-computing-to-run-economic-models-on-crypto-adoption","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nftandcrypto-news.com\/crypto\/quantum-computing-to-run-economic-models-on-crypto-adoption\/","title":{"rendered":"Quantum computing to run economic models on crypto adoption"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

By many accounts, quantum computing (QC), which uses atomic \u201cspin\u201d instead of an electrical charge to represent its binary 1\u2019s and 0\u2019s, is evolving at an exponential rate. If QC is ever realized at scale, it could be a boon for human society, helping to improve crop yields, design better medicines and engineer safer airplanes, among other benefits.\u00a0<\/p>\n

The crypto sector could profit too. Just last week, for instance, a Bank of Canada-commissioned project simulated cryptocurrency adoption among Canadian financial organizations using quantum computing.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u201cWe wanted to test the power of quantum computing on a research case that is hard to solve using classical computing techniques,\u201d said Maryam Haghighi, director of data science at the Bank of Canada, in a press release.\u00a0<\/p>\n

But, others worry that quantum computing, given its extraordinary \u201cbrute force\u201d power, could also crack blockchain\u2019s cryptographic structure, which has served Bitcoin (BTC) so well since its inception. Indeed, some say it is only a matter of time before quantum computers will be able to identify the enormous prime numbers that are key constituents of a BTC private key \u2014 assuming no countermeasures are developed.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Along these lines, a recently published paper calculated just how much quantum power would be needed to duplicate a BTC private key, i.e., \u201cthe number of physical qubits required to break the 256-bit elliptic curve encryption of keys in the Bitcoin network,\u201d as explained by the paper\u2019s authors, who are associated with the University of Sussex.\u00a0<\/p>\n

To be sure, this will be no easy task. Bitcoin\u2019s algorithm that converts public keys to private keys is \u201cone way,\u201d which means that it is easy to generate a public key from a private key but virtually impossible to derive a private key from a public key using present-day computers.\u00a0<\/p>\n

In addition, this would all have to be done in about 10 minutes, the average amount of time that a public key is exposed or vulnerable on the Bitcoin network. It also assumes that the public key is identical to the BTC address, as were most in Bitcoin\u2019s early days before it became common practice to use the KECCAK algorithm to \u201chash\u201d public keys to generate BTC addresses. It\u2019s estimated that about one-quarter of existing Bitcoin is using unhashed public keys.<\/p>\n

Given these constraints, the authors estimate that 1.9 billion qubits would be needed to penetrate a single Bitcoin private key within 10 minutes. Qubits, or quantum bits, are the analog to \u201cbits\u201d in classical computing. By comparison, most proto-QC computers today can summon up 50\u2013100 qubits, though IBM\u2019s state-of-the-art Eagle quantum processor can manage 127 qubits.\u00a0<\/p>\n

IBM Q System One, the first circuit-based commercial quantum computer. Source: IBM Research<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Put another way, that\u2019s 127 qubits against the 1.9 billion needed to crack Bitcoin\u2019s security using a large-scale trapped ion quantum computer, as proposed in the AVS Quantum Science paper.<\/p>\n

Mark Webber, quantum architect at Universal Quantum, a University of Sussex spin-out firm, and the paper\u2019s lead author, said, \u201cOur estimated requirement […] suggests Bitcoin should be considered safe from a quantum attack for now, but quantum computing technologies are scaling quickly with regular breakthroughs affecting such estimates and making them a very possible scenario within the next 10 years.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n

Is the threat real?<\/h2>\n

Could Bitcoin\u2019s security really be cracked? \u201cI think that quantum computers could break cryptocurrency,\u201d Takaya Miyano, a professor of mechanical engineering at Japan\u2019s Ritsumeikan University, told Cointelegraph, \u201cThough, not in a few years time, but in 10\u201320 years time.\u201d<\/p>\n

Miyano recently lead a team that developed a chaos-based stream cipher designed to withstand attacks from large-scale quantum computers.<\/p>\n

David Chaum, writing last year for Cointelegraph, also sounded the alarm \u2014 not only for crypto but for wider society as well:<\/p>\n

\u201cPerhaps most terrifying for a society so reliant on the internet, quantum-level computing puts all of our digital infrastructures at risk. Our contemporary internet is built on cryptography\u2060 \u2014 the use of codes and keys to secure private communication and storage of data.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Meanwhile, for cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ether (ETH), \u201cfor whom this concept is fundamental, one sufficiently powerful quantum computer could mean the theft of billions of dollars of value or the destruction of an entire blockchain altogether,\u201d continued Chaum.<\/p>\n

There are more than 4 million BTC \u201cthat are potentially vulnerable to a quantum attack,\u201d consulting firm Deloitte estimates, a number that comprises owners using un-hashed public keys or who are reusing BTC addresses, another unwise practice. At current market prices, that amounts to about $171 billion at risk.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Recent:\u00a0Is asymmetric information driving crypto\u2019s wild price swings?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cPersonally, I think that we are unable at the moment to make a good estimation\u201d of the time it will take before quantum computers can break BTC\u2019s encryption, Itan Barmes, quantum security lead at Deloitte Netherlands and project fellow at the World Economic Forum, told Cointelegraph. But, many experts today estimate 10-15 years, he said. Many of these estimates, too, are for breaking the encryption without time constraints. Doing it all within 10 minutes will be more difficult.<\/p>\n

Other cryptocurrencies, not just Bitcoin, could be vulnerable too, including those with proof-of-stake (PoS) validation mechanisms; Bitcoin uses a proof-of-work (PoW) protocol. \u201cIf blockchain protocol exposes public keys for a sufficiently long time, it automatically becomes vulnerable under quantum attacks,\u201d Marek Narozniak, a physicist and member of Tim Byrnes\u2019 quantum research group at New York University, told Cointelegraph. \u201cIt could allow an attacker to forge transactions or impersonate block producers\u2019 identity for PoS systems.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n

Time to prepare<\/h2>\n

It seems the crypto industry might have about a decade to get ready for a potential QC onslaught, and this is crucial. Narozniak noted:<\/p>\n

\u201cThere is more than enough time to develop quantum-safe cryptography standards and work out adequate forks to currently used blockchain protocols.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

When asked if he was confident that post-quantum cryptography will be developed in time to thwart hackers before the 10-minute barrier is broken, Deloitte\u2019s Barmes referenced a more recent paper he co-authored on quantum risks to the Ethereum blockchain that describes two types of attacks: a storage attack and a transit attack. The first \u201cis less complicated to execute, but to defend against it, you don\u2019t necessarily need to replace the cryptography algorithm.\u201d On the other hand, he told Cointelegraph:<\/p>\n

\u201cThe transit attack is much more difficult to execute and is also much more difficult to protect against. There are some candidate algorithms that are believed to be resistant to quantum attacks. However, they all have performance drawbacks that can be detrimental to the applicability and scalability to the blockchain.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

An arm\u2019s race?<\/h2>\n

What is unfolding in this area, then, appears to be a sort of arms race \u2014 as computers grow more powerful, defensive algorithms will have to be developed to meet the threat.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u201cThis overall pattern is really nothing new to us,\u201d said Narozniak. \u201cWe see it in other industries as well.\u201d Innovations are introduced, and others try to steal them, so piracy protection mechanisms are developed, which provoke even more clever theft devices.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u201cWhat makes this quantum-safe cryptography case a little bit different is that the quantum algorithms impose a more drastic change. After all, those devices are based on different physics and for certain problems they offer different computational complexity,\u201d added Narozniak.<\/p>\n

Indeed, QC makes use of an uncanny quality of quantum mechanics whereby an electron or atomic particle can be in two states at the same time. In classical computing, an electric charge represents information as either an 0 or a 1 and that is fixed, but in quantum computing, an atomic particle can be both a 0 and a 1, or a 1 and a 1, or a 0 and a 0, etc. If this unique quality can be harnessed, computing power explodes manyfold, and QC\u2019s development, paired with Shor\u2019s algorithm \u2014 first described in 1994 as a theoretical possibility, but soon to be a wide-reaching reality, many believe \u2014 also threatens to burst apart RSA encryption, which is used in much of the internet including websites and email.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u201cYes, it\u2019s a very tough and exciting weapons race,\u201d Miyano told Cointelegraph. \u201cAttacks \u2014 including side-channel attacks \u2014 to cryptosystems are becoming more and more powerful, owing to the progress in computers and mathematical algorithms running on the machines. Any cryptosystem could be broken suddenly because of the emergence of an incredibly powerful algorithm.\u201d<\/p>\n

Simulating financial relationships\u00a0<\/h2>\n

One shouldn\u2019t necessarily assume that quantum computing\u2019s impact on the crypto sector will be entirely deleterious, however. Samuel Mugel, chief technology officer at Multiverse Computing, the firm that led the above-referenced program at Bank of Canada, explained that in the pilot, they were able to simulate a network of financial relationships in which the decisions that one firm might make were highly dependent on decisions of other firms, further explaining to Cointelegraph:<\/p>\n

\u201cGame theory networks like this are very hard for normal supercomputers to solve because more optimal behaviors can get overlooked. Quantum computers have ways of dealing with this type of problem more efficiently.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Devices based on quantum mechanics potentially offer other unique possibilities, added Narozniak, \u201cFor instance, unlike classical states, quantum states cannot be copied. If digital tokens were represented using the quantum states, the no-cloning theorem would automatically protect them from being double-spent.\u201d<\/p>\n

Recent:\u00a0Crypto seen as the \u2018future of money\u2019 in inflation-mired countries<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Quantum entanglement could also be used to secure quantum smart contracts, Narozniak said. \u201cTokens could be entangled during the execution of the contract making both parties vulnerable to eventual loss if the smart contract is not executed as agreed.\u201d<\/p>\n

Developing post-quantum cryptography<\/h2>\n

All in all, the threat to the cryptoverse from quantum computing appears real, but enormous power would be required to breach crypto\u2019s underlying cryptography, and hackers would also have to work under stringent time constraints \u2014 having only 10 minutes to penetrate a BTC private key, for instance. The reality of breaking Bitcoin\u2019s elliptic curve encryption through the use of quantum computing is at least a decade away, too. But, the industry needs to get started now in developing deterrents. \u201cI would say that we should be ready on time, but we need to start working seriously on it,\u201d said Barmes.<\/p>\n

In fact, a substantial amount of research is now taking place \u201cin post-quantum crypto,\u201d Dawn Song, a professor in the computer science division at the University of California, Berkeley, told Cointelegraph, adding:<\/p>\n

\u201cIt is important that we develop quantum-resistant, or post-quantum, cryptography so we have the alternatives ready when quantum computers are powerful enough in reality.\u201d\u00a0<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By many accounts, quantum computing (QC), which uses atomic \u201cspin\u201d instead of an electrical charge to represent its binary 1\u2019s and 0\u2019s, is evolving at an exponential rate. If QC is ever realized at scale, it could be a boon for human society, helping to improve crop yields, design better medicines and engineer safer airplanes, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10261,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[42],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10260","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-crypto"],"yoast_head":"\nQuantum computing to run economic models on crypto adoption | NFT & Crypto News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/nftandcrypto-news.com\/crypto\/quantum-computing-to-run-economic-models-on-crypto-adoption\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Quantum computing to run economic models on crypto adoption | NFT & Crypto News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By many accounts, quantum computing (QC), which uses atomic \u201cspin\u201d instead of an electrical charge to represent its binary 1\u2019s and 0\u2019s, is evolving at an exponential rate. 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